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'Most ancient' species is alive and well in Scotland

July 30th, 2010   by Mac

A rare shrimp that may be the most ancient animal species on Earth is alive and well in Scotland, scientists have discovered.

Two colonies of the tadpole shrimp, Triops cancriformis, were found at Caerlaverock on the Solway Coast of Dumfriesshire. Experts think there could be more "hidden" populations of the crustacean – a designated endangered species – elsewhere.

The tadpole shrimp may have the oldest pedigree of any living animal, scientists believe. Fossil finds show that the shrimp is virtually the same today as it was 200 million years ago, when the first dinosaurs evolved.

The shrimps are adapted to living in temporary water pools. When the water dries up, the adults die but leave behind eggs that can remain dormant for years until wet conditions return.

Understanding the animal's unusual lifestyle helped researchers from the University of Glasgow make the discovery announced today.

Mud thought to contain tadpole shrimp eggs was sampled from pools around Caerlaverock, dried, re-wetted and placed in small aquaria.

The scientists were startled to find a large shrimp swimming in one of the tanks within a couple of weeks.

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Battleship: Rihanna's Acting Debut!

July 29th, 2010   by Mac

Rihanna  has signed up to play the female lead in the upcoming action-adventure Battleship, in theaters May 2012.

The 22-year-old Barbadian singer will star alongside on-screen brothers Taylor Kitsch (Friday Night Lights) and Alexander Skarsgard (True Blood).

The flick, which will be helmed by actor/director Peter Berg, is based on the adaptation of Hasbro’s naval combat board game.

Alex will play a straight and narrow naval officer while Taylor will be the wildly spirited naval officer who idolizes his brother. Battleship is to begin shooting on Aug. 30 in Hawaii.

Soooooooooo exciting!!!

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Farah reigns in Spain as Brits end 10,000m medal drought

July 28th, 2010   by Mac

Long-distance runner Mo Farah claimed a historic 10,000-meter gold for Britain in the final event of the opening day of the European Athletics Championships

in Barcelona.

Farah led home teammate Chris Thompson for an emphatic victory on Tuesday night as Britain won its first European medals in the event since 1974, triumphing

for the first time.

The 27-year-old made up for the disappointment of four years ago, when he was edged into second place in the 5,000m by just nine hundredths of a second.

Farah won in a time of 28 minutes 24.99 seconds, some way short of his Europe-leading 27:28.86 set last month.

Thompson fought off Italy's Daniele Meucci on the line, with both runners given a time of 28:27.33.

Russian teenager Stanislav Emelyanov won the opening gold medal of the event with a shock victory in the men's 20-kilometer walk.

The 19-year-old, who won the European junior 10km track walk title last year, overhauled Italy's Alex Schwazer to win in a time of one hour, 20.10 seconds.

He was 28 seconds ahead of Olympic 50km champion Schwazer, who finished 11 seconds in front of Portugal's bronze medallist Joao Vieira.

Schwazer had set the world's fastest time of 1:18:24 in Switzerland in March.

Vieira, who was 10th at the world championships last year, matched his third-placing from the 2006 European event.

"It was a great race for me and the circuit was fast just how I like it," Emelyanov said. "I thought I would be fighting for first place for much longer but

I was out in the lead quite early on."

France's Christophe Lemaitre, the first white sprinter to break 10 seconds in the men's 100 meters, qualified fastest for Wednesday's semifinals as he won

his heat in 10.19.

The 20-year-old, who clocked 9.98 on July 9, headed off fellow favorite Dwain Chambers of Britain, who won his heat in 10.21.

The 32-year-old Chambers' teammate Mark Lewis-Francis, who may also be a contender, posted a time of 10.23.

In the men's 400 meters, British runner Michael Bingham qualified fastest for Wednesday's semifinals as he won his heat with a time of 45.49 ahead of

France's Leslie Djhone, who was fourth overall.

Belgium's Kevin Borlee (45.71) headed off Bingham's teammate Martyn Rooney (45.72) in the first heat, while Irishman David Billick won the third in 45.84 to

be fifth overall.

Borlee's twin brother Jonathan, whose 44.77 earlier this month was the fastest in the world for 2010, qualified sixth after winning heat two in 45.91.

In the women's 800 meters, Russia's 2006 silver medallist Svetlana Klyuka qualified fastest for Friday's final with a time of 1:58.89.

She edged out Britain's Jenny Meadows, the 2009 world championship bronze medallist, by one hundredth of a second.

Russia's Mariya Savinova, who set the fastest time of 2010 with 1:57.56 on July 3, also qualified as a heat winner - as did Britain's Jemma Simpson (1:59.18.

In the women's 400-meter hurdles, Russia's Natalya Antyukh qualified fastest for the semifinals as she won her heat in a time of 54.29 seconds.

The 29-year-old, a multiple medallist in 400m relays, set the world's fastest time of 54 seconds last month.

Bulgaria's Vania Stambolova was the only other one of the 16 qualifiers to break 55 seconds, clocking 54.77.

Britian's world champion Phillips Idowu qualified fourth for the final of the men's triple jump, with a best leap of 17.10 meters.

France's world indoor champion Teddy Tamgho, whose 17.98 in June was the third best of all time, was head of the field after posting 17.37. Ukraine's Viktor

Kuznyetsov was second in 17.22.

Former world and Olympic heptathlon champion Caroline Kluft reached the women's long jump final as the final qualifier with a leap of 6.62 meters.

The Swede was given a wildcard entry after tearing a hamstring this month and failing to reach the required entry standard. She missed last year's world

championships due to injury, and was ninth at the 2008 Olympics.

The 27-year-old was 25 centimeters behind the leading jump of Russia's defending champion Lyudmila Kolchanova, while Portugal's 2006 silver medallist Naide

Gomes was second with 6.81.

World indoor champion Nadezhda Ostapchuk of Belarus won the women's shot put final with a throw of 20.48 meters, finishing well clear of second-placed

compatriot Natallia Mikhnevich (19.53).

It wa a reversal of Stockholm in 2006, when Mikhnevich edged out Ostapchuk for the gold.

Russia's Anna Avdeeva denied Belarus a clean sweep of the medals, with former world and Olympic champion Yanina Pravalinskay-Karolchyk taking fourth place.

Slovakia's Libor Charfreitag qualified in first place for the men's hammer final with a leading throw of 77.7 meters.

Second on 76.48 Hungary's Krisztian Pars, fourth at both the world championships and the 2008 Olympics.

Finland's Olli-Pekka Karjalainen, the silver medallist four years ago, edged into the 12-man final with a best effort of 74.23.

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Noise enters our ears as powerful waves of mechanical energy

July 26th, 2010   by Mac

Scien¬tists measure sound intensity in decibels (db) , with each doubling of en¬ergy adding ten decibels. Ordinary conversation measures about 60 db; a child's scream hits around 90 db. On this logarithmic scale, the scream is potentially 1000 times more powerful.

Each day, over five million Americans are exposed on the job to at least 90 db , the maximum safe level for an eight-hour period , according to the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "This standard isn ' t ideal , because noise affects individuals differently , " says William Clark of Washington University's Central Institute for the Deaf in St. Louis. "In theory, the standard should protect the lifetime hearing of 90 percent of workers. However, it assumes that a worker's ears will have 16 hours of quiet each day during which to recover an unlikely assumption for most peo¬ple."

Sound causes thousands of tiny hairs in the inner ear to vibrate. These vibrations trigger nerve impulses to the brain, which are perceived as sound. Prolonged exposure to 85 db or more , or far shorter exposure to very intense levels such as the 140-db shock waves from a shotgun blast can ir-revocably damage some of these delicate inner-ear hairs. Ronald Reagan suffered permanent injury during his acting days when a 38-caliber pistol loaded with blanks was fired near his right ear. As a result , he now wears a hearing aid. Audiologists predict that by the year 2010, as many people could be wearing hearing aids as now wear contact lenses.

Many people believe that weaker hearing is an inevitable part of aging. But studies show that those who live in low-noise environments tend to have very little hearing loss in old age.

In noisy industrial nations, however, even young people suffer dam¬aged hearing. David Lipscomb , a former professor of audiology at the Uni¬versity of Tennessee at Knoxville, tested over a thousand incoming fresh¬men and discovered that six of every ten had hearing loss typical of the el¬derly. Rock music is one cause. The noise in a rock-concert hall can easily

exceed 120 db, roughly the level of an air-raid siren. High-tech gadgets (i$rtt) such as powerful portable stereos also threaten to put our hearing into a downward spiral.

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Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide

July 23rd, 2010   by Mac

Yet occurrences of ihortages and droughts (-T--T-) are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial ind agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is sxpected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a videspread water crisis.

But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the vorld — if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to ippreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water rom a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free esource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.

Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price vater to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for he supply costs.

Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically ind environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation ?£-•%£.) water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in iepressions (Wit) and pumping it to nearby cropland.

No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must :hange their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control imong hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch 'arious aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water lolicy.

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Rafaela Who Drinks Coconut & Papaya Juice on Tuesdays

July 22nd, 2010   by Mac

On Tuesdays Rafaela's husband comes home late because that's the night he plays dominoes. And then Rafaela, who is still young but getting old from leaning out the window so much, gets locked indoors because her husband is afraid Rafaela will run away since she is too beautiful to look at.

Rafaela leans out the window and leans on her elbow and dreams her hair is like Rapunzel's. On the corner there is music from the bar, and Rafaela wishes she could go there and dance before she gets old.

A long time passes and we forget she is up there watching until she says: Kids, if I give you a dollar will you go to the store and buy me something? She throws a crumpled dollar down and always asks for coconut or sometimes papaya juice, and we send it up to her in a paper shopping bag she lets down with clothesline.

Rafaela who drinks and drinks coconut and papaya juice on Tuesdays and wishes there were sweeter drinks, not bitter like an empty room, but sweet sweet like the island, like the dance hall down the street where women much older than her throw green eyes easily like dice and open homes with keys. And always there is someone offering sweeter drinks, someone promising to keep them on a silver string.

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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity

July 21st, 2010   by Mac

Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. C0gm'rive(>A£P)JR^researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (•&%$,&) rewards speaks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements ($lj^)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

" If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging

problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

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Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse

July 20th, 2010   by Mac

They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.

The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.

Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion ($]$?). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.

When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (Rpft^SEft) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car's movements.

The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (iffl^st) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.

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I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment, performance, dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching

July 19th, 2010   by Mac

Students must be incorporated, made, so far as possible, an integral part of the learning process. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. Of Ezekiel Cheever, the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils "came to work as though they came to play," and Alfred North Whitehead, almost three hundred years later, noted that a teacher should make his/her students "glad they were there".

Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education. There is, I think, much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick's observation that " lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design humans. It is perfectly all right, now and then, for a human to be possessed by the

urge to speak, and to speak while others remain silent. But to do this regularly, one hour and 15 minutes at a time—for one person to drag on while others sit in silence?—I do not believe that this is what the Creator—designed humans to do."

The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that man professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture dully. To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific, unobjective; it is to appeal to the students' emotions rather than their intellect. Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.

The cult(JS^) of lecturing dully, like the cult of writing dully, goes back, of course, some years. Edward Shils, professor of sociology, recalls the professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed " a priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing; they never refereed to anything personal. Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years, to judge by the worn edges— The teachers began on time, ended on time, and left the room without saying a word more to their students, very seldom being detained by questioners — The classes were not large, yet there was no discussion. No questions were raised in class, and there were no office hours."

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